| Substrate | | Historical System | | System
|
| Hardware | | Plessey 250, CAP, C.mmp, CM*, IBM System/38, Intel 432 | | CHERI, Risc-V
|
| OS | | DVH, Hydra, StarOS, Cal-TSS, KeyKOS, EROS, Coyotos | | Capsicum, seL4, Fuscia
|
| Distributed OS | | Ameoba, Mach, Midori | |
|
| Language | | Gedanken, W7, J-Kernel, Joe-E, Emily, CaPerl, Caja, Tamed Pict | | Monte, Frozen Realms, Wyvern, wasm-gc
|
| Distributed Language | | Act-1, Eden, Emerald, Vulcan, Joule, E, M# | | Pony, Kappa, Dr.SES
|
| Distributed Storage | | Scoopfs | | Tahoe-LAFS
|
| Crypto Protocol | | DCCS, RATS, CapTP, Foolscap, Client Utility, Waterken | | Cap’n Proto
|
| Offline Certs | | SPKI/SDSI, E-Speak, CapCert | | Macaroons, lds-ocap
|
| Blockchain | | | | Gravity, Dfinity, RChain, Cosmos, Agoric Systems
|
| User Interface | | CapDesk, Belay | | Sandstorm
|
